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The Java™ Tutorials
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Classes and Objects
Classes
Declaring Classes
Declaring Member Variables
Defining Methods
Providing Constructors for Your Classes
Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor
Objects
Creating Objects
Using Objects
More on Classes
Returning a Value from a Method
Using the this Keyword
Controlling Access to Members of a Class
Understanding Class Members
Initializing Fields
Summary of Creating and Using Classes and Objects
Questions and Exercises
Questions and Exercises
Nested Classes
Inner Class Example
Local Classes
Anonymous Classes
Lambda Expressions
Method References
When to Use Nested Classes, Local Classes, Anonymous Classes, and Lambda Expressions
Questions and Exercises
Enum Types
Questions and Exercises
Trail: Learning the Java Language
Lesson: Classes and Objects
Section: Classes
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# Declaring Member Variables

There are several kinds of variables:

- Member variables in a class—these are called fields.
- Variables in a method or block of code—these are called local variables.
- Variables in method declarations—these are called parameters.

The `Bicycle` class uses the following lines of code to define its fields:

    public int cadence;
    public int gear;
    public int speed;

Field declarations are composed of three components, in order:

1. Zero or more modifiers, such as `public` or `private`.
2. The field's type.
3. The field's name.

The fields of `Bicycle` are named `cadence`, `gear`, and `speed` and are all of data type integer (`int`). The `public` keyword identifies these fields as public members, accessible by any object that can access the class.

## Access Modifiers

The first (left-most) modifier used lets you control what other classes have access to a member field. For the moment, consider only `public` and `private`. Other access modifiers will be discussed later.

- `public` modifier—the field is accessible from all classes.
- `private` modifier—the field is accessible only within its own class.

In the spirit of encapsulation, it is common to make fields private. This means that they can only be directly accessed from the Bicycle class. We still need access to these values, however. This can be done indirectly by adding public methods that obtain the field values for us:

    public class Bicycle {

        private int cadence;
        private int gear;
        private int speed;

        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) {
            gear = startGear;
            cadence = startCadence;
            speed = startSpeed;
        }

        public int getCadence() {
            return cadence;
        }

        public void setCadence(int newValue) {
            cadence = newValue;
        }

        public int getGear() {
            return gear;
        }

        public void setGear(int newValue) {
            gear = newValue;
        }

        public int getSpeed() {
            return speed;
        }

        public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
            speed -= decrement;
        }

        public void speedUp(int increment) {
            speed += increment;
        }
    }

## Types

All variables must have a type. You can use primitive types such as `int`, `float`, `boolean`, etc. Or you can use reference types, such as strings, arrays, or objects.

## Variable Names

All variables, whether they are fields, local variables, or parameters, follow the same naming rules and conventions that were covered in the Language Basics lesson, Variables—Naming.

In this lesson, be aware that the same naming rules and conventions are used for method and class names, except that

- the first letter of a class name should be capitalized, and
- the first (or only) word in a method name should be a verb.

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