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Basic I/O
I/O Streams
Byte Streams
Character Streams
Buffered Streams
Scanning and Formatting
Scanning
Formatting
I/O from the Command Line
Data Streams
Object Streams
File I/O (Featuring NIO.2)
What Is a Path? (And Other File System Facts)
The Path Class
Path Operations
File Operations
Checking a File or Directory
Deleting a File or Directory
Copying a File or Directory
Moving a File or Directory
Managing Metadata (File and File Store Attributes)
Reading, Writing, and Creating Files
Random Access Files
Creating and Reading Directories
Links, Symbolic or Otherwise
Walking the File Tree
Finding Files
Watching a Directory for Changes
Other Useful Methods
Legacy File I/O Code
Summary
Questions and Exercises
Trail: Essential Classes
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# Lesson: Basic I/O

This lesson covers the Java platform classes used for basic I/O. It first focuses on I/O Streams, a powerful concept that greatly simplifies I/O operations. The lesson also looks at serialization, which lets a program write whole objects out to streams and read them back again. Then the lesson looks at file I/O and file system operations, including random access files.

Most of the classes covered in the `I/O Streams` section are in the `java.io` package. Most of the classes covered in the `File I/O` section are in the `java.nio.file` package.

## I/O Streams

- Byte Streams handle I/O of raw binary data.
- Character Streams handle I/O of character data, automatically handling translation to and from the local character set.
- Buffered Streams optimize input and output by reducing the number of calls to the native API.
- Scanning and Formatting allows a program to read and write formatted text.
- I/O from the Command Line describes the Standard Streams and the Console object.
- Data Streams handle binary I/O of primitive data type and `String` values.
- Object Streams handle binary I/O of objects.

## File I/O (Featuring NIO.2)

- What is a Path? examines the concept of a path on a file system.
- The Path Class introduces the cornerstone class of the `java.nio.file` package.
- Path Operations looks at methods in the `Path` class that deal with syntactic operations.
- File Operations introduces concepts common to many of the file I/O methods.
- Checking a File or Directory shows how to check a file's existence and its level of accessibility.
- Deleting a File or Directory.
- Copying a File or Directory.
- Moving a File or Directory.
- Managing Metadata explains how to read and set file attributes.
- Reading, Writing and Creating Files shows the stream and channel methods for reading and writing files.
- Random Access Files shows how to read or write files in a non-sequentially manner.
- Creating and Reading Directories covers API specific to directories, such as how to list a directory's contents.
- Links, Symbolic or Otherwise covers issues specific to symbolic and hard links.
- Walking the File Tree demonstrates how to recursively visit each file and directory in a file tree.
- Finding Files shows how to search for files using pattern matching.
- Watching a Directory for Changes shows how to use the watch service to detect files that are added, removed or updated in one or more directories.
- Other Useful Methods covers important API that didn't fit elsewhere in the lesson.
- Legacy File I/O Code shows how to leverage `Path` functionality if you have older code using the `java.io.File` class. A table mapping `java.io.File` API to `java.nio.file` API is provided.

## Summary

A summary of the key points covered in this trail.

## Questions and Exercises

Test what you've learned in this trail by trying these questions and exercises.

## The I/O Classes in Action

Many of the examples in the next trail, Custom Networking use the I/O streams described in this lesson to read from and write to network connections.

Security consideration: Some I/O operations are subject to approval by the current security manager. The example programs contained in these lessons are standalone applications, which by default have no security manager. To work in an applet, most of these examples would have to be modified. See What Applets Can and Cannot Do for information about the security restrictions placed on applets.

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