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Language Basics
Variables
Primitive Data Types
Arrays
Summary of Variables
Questions and Exercises
Operators
Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators
Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operators
Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
Summary of Operators
Questions and Exercises
Expressions, Statements, and Blocks
Questions and Exercises
Control Flow Statements
The if-then and if-then-else Statements
The switch Statement
The while and do-while Statements
The for Statement
Branching Statements
Summary of Control Flow Statements
Questions and Exercises
Trail: Learning the Java Language
Lesson: Language Basics
Section: Variables
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# Arrays

An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length of an array is established when the array is created. After creation, its length is fixed. You have seen an example of arrays already, in the `main` method of the "Hello World!" application. This section discusses arrays in greater detail.

An array of 10 elements.

Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed by its numerical index. As shown in the preceding illustration, numbering begins with 0. The 9th element, for example, would therefore be accessed at index 8.

The following program, `ArrayDemo`, creates an array of integers, puts some values in the array, and prints each value to standard output.

    class ArrayDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            // declares an array of integers
            int[] anArray;

            // allocates memory for 10 integers
            anArray = new int[10];

            // initialize first element
            anArray[0] = 100;
            // initialize second element
            anArray[1] = 200;
            // and so forth
            anArray[2] = 300;
            anArray[3] = 400;
            anArray[4] = 500;
            anArray[5] = 600;
            anArray[6] = 700;
            anArray[7] = 800;
            anArray[8] = 900;
            anArray[9] = 1000;

            System.out.println("Element at index 0: "
                               + anArray[0]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 1: "
                               + anArray[1]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 2: "
                               + anArray[2]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 3: "
                               + anArray[3]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 4: "
                               + anArray[4]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 5: "
                               + anArray[5]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 6: "
                               + anArray[6]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 7: "
                               + anArray[7]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 8: "
                               + anArray[8]);
            System.out.println("Element at index 9: "
                               + anArray[9]);
        }
    }

The output from this program is:

    Element at index 0: 100
    Element at index 1: 200
    Element at index 2: 300
    Element at index 3: 400
    Element at index 4: 500
    Element at index 5: 600
    Element at index 6: 700
    Element at index 7: 800
    Element at index 8: 900
    Element at index 9: 1000

In a real-world programming situation, you would probably use one of the supported looping constructs to iterate through each element of the array, rather than write each line individually as in the preceding example. However, the example clearly illustrates the array syntax. You will learn about the various looping constructs (`for`, `while`, and `do-while`) in the Control Flow section.

## Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array

The preceding program declares an array (named `anArray`) with the following line of code:

    // declares an array of integers
    int[] anArray;

Like declarations for variables of other types, an array declaration has two components: the array's type and the array's name. An array's type is written as `type[]`, where `type` is the data type of the contained elements; the brackets are special symbols indicating that this variable holds an array. The size of the array is not part of its type (which is why the brackets are empty). An array's name can be anything you want, provided that it follows the rules and conventions as previously discussed in the naming section. As with variables of other types, the declaration does not actually create an array; it simply tells the compiler that this variable will hold an array of the specified type.

Similarly, you can declare arrays of other types:

    byte[] anArrayOfBytes;
    short[] anArrayOfShorts;
    long[] anArrayOfLongs;
    float[] anArrayOfFloats;
    double[] anArrayOfDoubles;
    boolean[] anArrayOfBooleans;
    char[] anArrayOfChars;
    String[] anArrayOfStrings;

You can also place the brackets after the array's name:

    // this form is discouraged
    float anArrayOfFloats[];

However, convention discourages this form; the brackets identify the array type and should appear with the type designation.

## Creating, Initializing, and Accessing an Array

One way to create an array is with the `new` operator. The next statement in the `ArrayDemo` program allocates an array with enough memory for 10 integer elements and assigns the array to the `anArray` variable.

    // create an array of integers
    anArray = new int[10];

If this statement is missing, then the compiler prints an error like the following, and compilation fails:

    ArrayDemo.java:4: Variable anArray may not have been initialized.

The next few lines assign values to each element of the array:

    anArray[0] = 100; // initialize first element
    anArray[1] = 200; // initialize second element
    anArray[2] = 300; // and so forth

Each array element is accessed by its numerical index:

    System.out.println("Element 1 at index 0: " + anArray[0]);
    System.out.println("Element 2 at index 1: " + anArray[1]);
    System.out.println("Element 3 at index 2: " + anArray[2]);

Alternatively, you can use the shortcut syntax to create and initialize an array:

    int[] anArray = {
        100, 200, 300,
        400, 500, 600,
        700, 800, 900, 1000
    };

Here the length of the array is determined by the number of values provided between braces and separated by commas.

You can also declare an array of arrays (also known as a multidimensional array) by using two or more sets of brackets, such as `String[][] names`. Each element, therefore, must be accessed by a corresponding number of index values.

In the Java programming language, a multidimensional array is an array whose components are themselves arrays. This is unlike arrays in C or Fortran. A consequence of this is that the rows are allowed to vary in length, as shown in the following `MultiDimArrayDemo` program:

    class MultiDimArrayDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            String[][] names = {
                {"Mr. ", "Mrs. ", "Ms. "},
                {"Smith", "Jones"}
            };
            // Mr. Smith
            System.out.println(names[0][0] + names[1][0]);
            // Ms. Jones
            System.out.println(names[0][2] + names[1][1]);
        }
    }

The output from this program is:

    Mr. Smith
    Ms. Jones

Finally, you can use the built-in `length` property to determine the size of any array. The following code prints the array's size to standard output:

     System.out.println(anArray.length);

## Copying Arrays

The `System` class has an `arraycopy` method that you can use to efficiently copy data from one array into another:

    public static void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos,
                                 Object dest, int destPos, int length)

The two `Object` arguments specify the array to copy from and the array to copy to. The three `int` arguments specify the starting position in the source array, the starting position in the destination array, and the number of array elements to copy.

The following program, `ArrayCopyDemo`, declares an array of `char` elements, spelling the word "decaffeinated." It uses the `System.arraycopy` method to copy a subsequence of array components into a second array:

    class ArrayCopyDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
    			    'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
            char[] copyTo = new char[7];

            System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
            System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
        }
    }

The output from this program is:

    caffein

## Array Manipulations

Arrays are a powerful and useful concept used in programming. Java SE provides methods to perform some of the most common manipulations related to arrays. For instance, the `ArrayCopyDemo` example uses the `arraycopy` method of the `System` class instead of manually iterating through the elements of the source array and placing each one into the destination array. This is performed behind the scenes, enabling the developer to use just one line of code to call the method.

For your convenience, Java SE provides several methods for performing array manipulations (common tasks, such as copying, sorting and searching arrays) in the `java.util.Arrays` class. For instance, the previous example can be modified to use the `copyOfRange` method of the `java.util.Arrays` class, as you can see in the `ArrayCopyOfDemo` example. The difference is that using the `copyOfRange` method does not require you to create the destination array before calling the method, because the destination array is returned by the method:

    class ArrayCopyOfDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {

            char[] copyFrom = {'d', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
                'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd'};

            char[] copyTo = java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(copyFrom, 2, 9);

            System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
        }
    }

As you can see, the output from this program is the same (`caffein`), although it requires fewer lines of code. Note that the second parameter of the `copyOfRange` method is the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusively, while the third parameter is the final index of the range to be copied, exclusively. In this example, the range to be copied does not include the array element at index 9 (which contains the character `a`).

Some other useful operations provided by methods in the `java.util.Arrays` class, are:

- Searching an array for a specific value to get the index at which it is placed (the `binarySearch` method).
- Comparing two arrays to determine if they are equal or not (the `equals` method).
- Filling an array to place a specific value at each index (the `fill` method).
- Sorting an array into ascending order. This can be done either sequentially, using the `sort` method, or concurrently, using the `parallelSort` method introduced in Java SE 8. Parallel sorting of large arrays on multiprocessor systems is faster than sequential array sorting.

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